Table of Contents The Joint Statement on Micro Radio
Annotated Web Links
Micro Radio Art Gallery |
Sailing the Spectrum from Pirates to Micro Broadcasters:
REFERENCESAkizuki, Dennis. (1995). Ruling keeps pirate station on the air. San Jose Mercury News, p. B5. Altschull, Herbert J. (1990). From Milton to McLuhan: The ideas behind American journalism. New York: Longman. Beniger, James R. (1986). The Control Revolution: Technology and economic origins of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Barnouw, Eric. (1966). A Tower of Babel: A history of broadcasting in the U.S. to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. Bender, Howard A. (1988). The case of the Sarah: A testing ground for the regulation of radio piracy in the United States. Fordham International Law Journal, 12, 67-87. Booth, William. (1993, May 15). Street deejays pump positive message to Miami on eve of sensitive retrial: Rogue radio station joins voices for calm as Lorenzo jury is picked. The Washington Post, p. A3. Bootleg Fresno broadcaster raided by FCC vows to return. (1989, August 16). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 14. Boyd, Douglas, A. (1983). Radio free America: The U.S. governments reaction to pirate radio. Central States Speech Journal, 34, 203-209. Comstock, George. (1989). The evolution of American television. London: Sage. Conrad, Charles. (1994). Strategic organizational communication: Toward the twenty-first century (3rd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Davidson, Matt. (1995, June 1). Aerial assault. Santa Cruz Good Times, pp. 10-11. Dinkelspiel, Frances. (1993, June 11). Disgruntled listeners attempt to take back radio air waves. The Phoenix Gazette, p. B13. Dunifer, Stephen. (1994, January/February). FCC on the defensive. Reclaiming the Airwaves, 1. Dunifer, Stephen. (1995, April/May). Seize the space! Reclaiming the Airwaves, 1. Ewell, Miranda. (1995, July 23). Anarchy on the airwaves. San Jose Mercury News, pp. A1, A6. Fine, Jason. (1994, April 22). Radio active. San Jose Mercury News, Eye, pp. 3, 3840. Flexner, Stewart B. (1987). Random House dictionary of the English language (2nd ed.). New York: Random House. Franklin, Marc A., & Anderson, David A. (1990). Cases and materials on mass media law (4th ed.). Westbury, NY: Foundation Press, Inc. FCC rejects low power FM as a voice for the voiceless and rules against Free Radio Berkeley. (August, 1995). Unpublished news release. National Lawyers Guild. Graham, John R. (1990, April 20). Zoom to defy the FCC at FCC. The Rampage, pp. 1, 8. Jones, Steve. (1988, July). Making waves: Pirate radio and popular music. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Portland, OR. Kahane, Howard. (1995). Logic and contemporary rhetoric: The use of reason in everyday life (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Kneitel, Tom. (1983, August). RKXR--first offshore pirate. Popular Communications, 1012. Kuipers, Dean. (1989, April). A not so Jolly Roger: The silencing of "Radio Sarah:" Radio New York International. The Nation, 559. Ladd, Christopher. (1987, September 7). No gangplank for "pirates." The Legal Times, p. 3. Lindlof, Thomas R. (1995). Qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Marshall, Catherine, & Rossman, Gretchen B. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park: Sage. McChesney, Robert W. (1993). Telecommunications, mass media, and democracy: The battle for the control of U.S. broadcasting, 19281934. New York: Oxford University Press. McHenry, Keith. (1995, April/May). Micro radio on the road. Reclaiming the Airwaves, 5. Milner, Greg. (1993, August 13). Rebel radio: Stephen Dunifer vs. the FCC. Express, pp. 1, 12-17. Nichols, John S., & Soley, L. C. (1987). Clandestine radio broadcasting: A study of revolutionary and counter revolutionary electronic communication. New York: Praeger. Noble, Kenneth B. (1995, August 8). FBI search for Unabomber is unsettling for Bay Area radicals. New York Times National Edition, p. A9. On the Air! (April/May, 1995). Reclaiming the Airwaves, 8. Phipps, Steven P. (1990). Unlicensed broadcasting in the U.S.: The official policy of the FCC. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (2), 137-152. Phipps, Steven P. (1991). Unlicensed broadcasting and the Federal Radio Commission: The 1930 George W. Fellows challenge. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 823-828. Pugh, Tony. (1993, June 6). BASS-FM gets a warm reception. Miami Herald, p. B1. Rodriguez, Louis J. (1991, August). Rappin' in the hood: Rebel radio. The Nation, p. 192. Sakolsky, Ron. (1992, July). Anarchy on the airwaves: A brief history of the micro radio movement in the USA. Social Anarchism, 17, 5-12. Shields, Steven O., & Ogles, Robert M. (1992, March). Black liberation radio: A case study of the microradio movement. Paper presented at 22nd annual meeting of the Popular Culture Association, Louisville, KY. Speizer, Irwin. (1987, January 22). "Pirate" radio station silenced by agents. The Fresno Bee, pp. B1, B4. Spitzer, Matthew L. (1989). The constitutionality of licensing broadcasters. New York University Law Review, 64, 990-1071. Stewart, Charles, J., & Cash, William B. (1994). Interviewing: Principles and practices. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown. Trummel, Kirk. (1994a, October). DiaLogs. The ACE, 5. Trummel, Kirk. (1994b, November). DiaLogs. The ACE, 8. Yoder, Andrew R. (1990). Pirate radio stations: Tuning into underground broadcasts. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books. Unpublished Legal Brief Federal Communications Commission FCC. (1989, November 20). Pirate FM broadcast station shut down and operator fined. Public Notice, 665. FCC. (1990a, February 9). Unlicensed West Virginia broadcast station shut down. Public Notice, 1747. FCC. (1990b, February 23). Another unlicensed Virginia broadcast station shut down. Public Notice, 1912. FCC. (1990c, March 19). Unlicensed California pirate broadcast station shut down. Public Notice, 2264. FCC. (1990d, April 13). Amateur radio operator fined $1000 for operating a pirate radio station. Public Notice, 2693. FCC. (1990e, June 18). Pirate radio station shut down in Moreno Valley, California. Public Notice, 3666. FCC. (1991a, June 13). Pirate radio station shut down in Venice, California. Public Notice, 13506. FCC. (1991b, June 28). Pirate radio station shut down in Simi Valley, California. Public Notice, 13735. FCC. (1991c, July 25). Ohio amateur radio operator fined for operating pirate broadcast station. Public Notice, 14113. FCC. (1991d, September 27). Equipment seized from pirate radio network. Public Notice, 14957. FCC. (1992a). How to apply for a broadcast station. General Information Bulletin. USA. FCC. (1992b, April 28). Field operations bureau list of field offices. Internal document. FCC. (1992c, May 4). Brooklyn, New York pirate radio station shut down, equipment seized by United States government. Public Notice, 22953. FCC. (1992d, June 8). Pirate radio broadcasters fined in Pennsylvania. Public Notice 23448. FCC. (1993a). 47 CFR 1993 edition. FCC. (1993b). Annual report for fiscal year 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. FCC. (1994, March 11). FCC issues $17,500 forfeiture to pirate broadcaster. Public Notice, 42145. FCC. (1995a) Printout of NAL and NOF under review. FOB/NAL Data Base. FCC. (1995b, August 2). Memorandum opinion and order. FCC 95-333.
Court Cases Metro Broadcasting Inc. v. FCC, 97 U.S. 547 (1990). National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, 319 U.S. 190, 227 (1943). Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 390 (1969). Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC, 110 S. Ct. 717 (1990). Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 114 S. Ct. 2445, 2456-57 (1994). United States v. American Bond & Mortgage, 31 F. 2d 448 (1929). United States v. Stephen Paul Dunifer, No. C 94-03542 CW, slip op. (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, January 30, 1995). USTA v. FCC, 28 F.3d 1232 (1994). Court Documents Declaration of David Doon in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Declaration of David K. Hartshorn in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Declaration of Philip M. Kane in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Declaration of William R. Zears in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Memorandum and Order Denying Plantiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Staying this Action (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, January 30, 1995, No. C 94-3542 CW). Plantiff's Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Plantiff's Notice of Motion and Motion for Preliminary Injunction (United States District Court for the Northern District of California, October 6, 1994, No. C 94-3542 CW). Federal Law Federal Register
FOOTNOTES(1) The doctrine of "un-clean hands" may have some validity in a broader regulatory sense. Nichols and Soley (1987) noted that the CIA regularly broadcasts into nations that do not wish to have signals in their airspace, which would be a violation of the Communications Act if the signals were directed at the United States. (2) The Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC case was an appeal from a federal district court case, Merideth Corporation v. FCC (809 F.2d 863 and 867 F.2d 654). Previous researchers cited Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC rather than Merideth Corporation v. FCC when discussing the issues involved in the case (e.g., National Lawyers Guild, 1992; Spitzer, 1989). To avoid confusion, the case is referred to and cited as Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC (110 S. Ct. 717, 1990) in this thesis. The term certiorari denied, in relation to the Supreme Court, simply means the court reviewed a case that was appealed to it from a lower court and elected not to hear it. This, in effect, lets the decision of the lower court stand. |